Looking for a quick definition? The glossary has one-line entries. Want to learn in order? Start a learning path — RF & SDR or intro to software development. This Field Guide is the long-form, neutral reference: each article defines and explains one topic in depth, cites its sources, and links to everything related. Entries are grouped into domains — RF & SDR and Software Development — each with its own categories.
Field Guide
GopherTrunk Field Guide — the RF, SDR & software-development reference
The GopherTrunk Field Guide is a plain-language reference covering the terms, technologies, algorithms, people, hardware, organizations, and software behind radio, software-defined radio, and the craft of building software itself. Each article is a standalone, long-form definition — no lesson order, no exercises, just information — cross-linked to related entries and to the learning paths. Browse by domain and category, or jump to the A–Z index.
RF & SDR
Radio, signals, SDR, DSP, the protocols GopherTrunk decodes, and the people and bodies behind them.
RF & signal fundamentals
The physical quantities and units that describe radio waves and signal power.
- Electromagnetic spectrum term
- Radio wave term
- Frequency term
- Wavelength term
- Amplitude term
- Phase term
- Carrier wave term
- Modulation term
- Bandwidth term
- Decibel (dB) term
- dBm term
- dBFS term
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) term
- Noise floor term
- Attenuation term
- Path loss term
- Frequency bands (HF/VHF/UHF) term
Antennas & propagation
How energy radiates from an antenna and travels to your receiver.
Modulation
The schemes that put information onto a carrier — analog and digital.
- Amplitude modulation (AM) technology
- Frequency modulation (FM) technology
- Single sideband (SSB) technology
- Frequency-shift keying (FSK) technology
- Phase-shift keying (PSK) technology
- Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) technology
- C4FM technology
- CQPSK technology
- GMSK technology
- AFSK technology
- FFSK technology
- Symbol rate (baud) term
- Constellation diagram term
- Eye diagram term
- π/4-DQPSK technology
- GFSK technology
- NRZI term
- Dibit term
- Pulse shaping term
SDR & DSP
Software-defined radio and the digital signal processing between IQ and bits.
- Software-defined radio (SDR) technology
- IQ data term
- Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) term
- Sample rate term
- Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem term
- Aliasing term
- Superheterodyne receiver term
- Local oscillator term
- Digital down-converter (DDC) term
- Decimation term
- Digital filter term
- CIC filter algorithm
- Root-raised-cosine filter algorithm
- Matched filter algorithm
- Automatic gain control (AGC) term
- Demodulation term
- Clock recovery term
- Costas loop algorithm
- CMA equalizer algorithm
- PPM frequency correction term
- Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) term
- FIR filter algorithm
- IIR filter algorithm
- Intermediate frequency (IF) term
- Baseband term
- Channelizer algorithm
- Resampler algorithm
- Automatic frequency control (AFC) term
- DC offset (DC spike) term
Transforms & algorithms
The mathematics of spectra, error correction, and timing recovery.
- Fourier transform algorithm
- Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm
- Viterbi algorithm algorithm
- Convolutional code algorithm
- Reed–Solomon code algorithm
- BCH code algorithm
- Golay code algorithm
- Hamming code algorithm
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) algorithm
- Trellis-coded modulation algorithm
- Forward error correction (FEC) term
- Interleaving algorithm
- Scrambling (whitening) algorithm
- Gardner timing recovery algorithm
- Mueller–Müller timing recovery algorithm
- Multi-band excitation (MBE) algorithm
- Compact position reporting (CPR) algorithm
- BPTC algorithm
- DTMF term
Cryptography & cryptanalysis
Ciphers, keys, and the techniques used to analyze and break them — including the obfuscation seen on trunked-radio metadata.
- Cryptography term
- Cryptanalysis term
- Cipher term
- Encryption term
- Obfuscation term
- Symmetric-key cryptography term
- Public-key cryptography term
- Cryptographic key term
- Keystream term
- Kerckhoffs's principle term
- Stream cipher algorithm
- Block cipher algorithm
- Feistel network algorithm
- Substitution-permutation network (SPN) algorithm
- S-box (substitution box) algorithm
- Linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) algorithm
- One-time pad (OTP) algorithm
- Cryptographic hash function algorithm
- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm
- RC4 (ARC4) cipher algorithm
- Frequency analysis term
- Ciphertext-only attack term
- Known-plaintext attack term
- Chosen-plaintext attack term
- Brute-force attack (exhaustive key search) term
- Differential cryptanalysis term
- Algebraic attack term
- SAT/SMT solving term
- Constraint propagation term
Trunked radio
The concepts that let many users share a pool of channels.
Protocols & standards
The digital and analog systems GopherTrunk decodes, in one uniform format.
- Project 25 (P25) protocol
- P25 Phase 1 protocol
- P25 Phase 2 protocol
- Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) protocol
- DMR Tier I protocol
- DMR Tier II protocol
- DMR Tier III protocol
- NXDN protocol
- dPMR protocol
- TETRA protocol
- Motorola Type II protocol
- EDACS protocol
- LTR (Logic Trunked Radio) protocol
- MPT 1327 protocol
- D-STAR protocol
- System Fusion (YSF) protocol
- M17 protocol
- POCSAG protocol
- FLEX protocol
- Automatic Identification System (AIS) protocol
- ADS-B protocol
- APRS protocol
- AX.25 protocol
- Digital Selective Calling (DSC) protocol
- MDC-1200 protocol
- Mode S protocol
- ProVoice protocol
- Capacity Plus protocol
- LoRa protocol
Voice coding
The vocoders that compress speech into a few kilobits per second.
Hardware
SDR dongles, tuner chips, and front-end components.
People
Scientists and engineers whose work underpins radio and SDR.
Organizations & standards bodies
The bodies that allocate spectrum and write the standards.
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU) organization
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC) organization
- ETSI organization
- Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) organization
- APCO International organization
- ICAO organization
- Digital Voice Systems (DVSI) organization
- M17 Project organization
- RadioReference organization
- Ofcom organization
- RTCA organization
- EUROCAE organization
Software Development
Programming languages and the concepts, paradigms, and practices of building software — the craft behind GopherTrunk itself.
Programming languages
The languages used to build software, from systems languages to scripting and the historical pioneers.
Language internals & execution
How source code becomes a running program — compilation, interpretation, memory, and types.
Concurrency & execution models
How programs do more than one thing at a time.
Paradigms & design patterns
Styles of organizing code and reusable solutions to recurring problems.
Principles & code quality
The guidelines that separate maintainable software from a mess.
Testing, tooling & delivery
Verifying that software works and getting it into users' hands.
- Unit testing concept
- Integration testing concept
- End-to-end testing concept
- Test-driven development (TDD) concept
- Mocking concept
- Code coverage concept
- CI/CD concept
- Build systems concept
- Package manager & dependency management concept
- Semantic versioning concept
- REST concept
- Version control concept
Hardware (computers & devices)
The computing hardware a developer chooses between — from cloud servers down to the microcontroller — what each is for, what runs on it, and its trade-offs.
Hardware foundations
The parts inside every computer and the ideas that span the whole spectrum from cloud to chip.
- Computer hardware concept
- Central processing unit (CPU) hardware
- Random-access memory (RAM) hardware
- Storage (SSD hardware
- Input/output (I/O) concept
- Operating system concept
- The hardware spectrum concept
- Motherboard hardware
- Graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware
- Power supply unit (PSU) hardware
- Cooling & thermals concept
- System bus concept
- PCI Express (PCIe) hardware
- USB hardware
- Cache memory hardware
- Instruction set architecture (ISA) concept
- x86 concept
- ARM architecture concept
- RISC-V concept
- Transistor hardware
- Integrated circuit hardware
- Semiconductor concept
- Logic gate concept
- Von Neumann architecture concept
- Moore's law concept
- Bits & bytes concept
- Clock speed concept
- BIOS & UEFI concept
- Chipset hardware
Servers & hosting
Where software runs for other people — shared hosting, VPSes, dedicated and home servers, and the cloud behind them.
- Server hardware
- Web & shared hosting concept
- Virtual private server (VPS) concept
- Dedicated server hardware
- Home server & self-hosting concept
- Cloud computing concept
- Virtualization concept
- Data center concept
- Rack server hardware
- Blade server hardware
- Bare-metal server hardware
- Colocation concept
- Managed hosting concept
- Platform as a service (PaaS) concept
- Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) concept
- Software as a service (SaaS) concept
- Serverless computing concept
- Container concept
- Docker concept
- Kubernetes concept
- Hypervisor concept
- Load balancer concept
- Reverse proxy concept
- Content delivery network (CDN) concept
- Network-attached storage (NAS) hardware
- RAID concept
- Edge computing concept
- High availability concept
- Scalability concept
Personal computers
The machines you build software on — the desktop-vs-laptop trade and what each is for.
- Personal computer hardware
- Desktop computer hardware
- Laptop hardware
- Workstation hardware
- All-in-one computer hardware
- Mini PC hardware
- Gaming PC hardware
- Chromebook hardware
- Thin client hardware
- Computer monitor hardware
- Keyboard hardware
- Mouse hardware
- Peripheral concept
- Computer case hardware
- Webcam hardware
- Printer hardware
- Motherboard form factor concept
- Build vs buy a PC concept
Mobile devices
The computers in everyone's pocket and bag, and what it takes to build software for them.
- Smartphone hardware
- Tablet hardware
- Mobile app development concept
- System on a chip (SoC) hardware
- Mobile operating system concept
- Android concept
- iOS concept
- Battery technology concept
- Touchscreen hardware
- E-reader hardware
- Smartwatch hardware
- Wearable computer hardware
- Cellular modem hardware
- GPS receiver hardware
- eSIM hardware
- Near-field communication (NFC) concept
- Foldable phone hardware
Single-board computers
A complete Linux computer on one small board — the Raspberry Pi and its rivals, and the GPIO header that touches the physical world.
- Single-board computer (SBC) hardware
- Raspberry Pi hardware
- NVIDIA Jetson hardware
- BeagleBone hardware
- GPIO hardware
- Compute Module hardware
- Orange Pi hardware
- ODROID hardware
- Rock Pi (Radxa) hardware
- Banana Pi hardware
- Google Coral hardware
- Libre Computer hardware
- HAT add-on board hardware
- Edge AI concept
- Home automation concept
- SBC cluster concept
Microcontrollers
The tiny, cheap, low-power chips that run the physical world — no OS, the Arduino, and the wireless ESP32.
- Microcontroller (MCU) hardware
- Arduino hardware
- ESP32 hardware
- Firmware concept
- Internet of Things (IoT) concept
- STM32 hardware
- PIC microcontroller hardware
- AVR / ATmega hardware
- RP2040 hardware
- Raspberry Pi Pico hardware
- Teensy hardware
- ARM Cortex-M concept
- Real-time operating system (RTOS) concept
- Bootloader concept
- In-system programming concept
- Pulse-width modulation (PWM) concept
- Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) hardware
- I²C concept
- SPI concept
- UART concept
- Interrupt concept
- Embedded system concept
- Bare-metal programming concept
- Watchdog timer concept
- Sensor hardware
Networking & connectivity
How computers reach each other and the internet — the cards, boxes, links, and addresses that move bytes between machines.
- Network interface card (NIC) hardware
- Router hardware
- Network switch hardware
- Ethernet concept
- Wi-Fi concept
- Bluetooth concept
- Modem hardware
- Wireless access point hardware
- Fiber-optic concept
- Power over Ethernet (PoE) concept
- Thunderbolt hardware
- Gateway concept
- LAN & WAN concept
- IP address concept
Storage & memory
Where bytes live — the drives, chips, and cards that hold data, and the memory hierarchy that ranks them by speed and cost.
GPUs, FPGAs & accelerators
Chips that do specialized work faster than a general CPU — graphics, AI, signal processing, and reconfigurable logic.
- CUDA concept
- GPGPU concept
- Tensor processing unit (TPU) hardware
- Neural processing unit (NPU) hardware
- Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware
- Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) hardware
- AI accelerator hardware
- Vector processor concept
- Hardware acceleration concept
- SoC vs discrete concept
People
The engineers and founders who built the computing-hardware world — from the first transistors and CPUs to the boards and chips developers use today.
Organizations & makers
The companies and bodies that design and make computing hardware — chip makers, board vendors, foundries, and the standards groups behind them.
A–Z index
- Abstraction
- ADS-B
- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
- Affiliation
- AFSK
- AI accelerator
- Airspy
- Airspy HF+
- Alan Turing
- Algebraic attack
- Aliasing
- All-in-one computer
- AMBE
- AMBE+2
- AMD
- Amplitude
- Amplitude modulation (AM)
- Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
- Andrew Viterbi
- Android
- Antenna
- Antenna gain
- APCO International
- API
- Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
- APRS
- Arduino
- Arduino (company)
- ARM architecture
- ARM Cortex-M
- Arm Holdings
- Asynchronous programming
- Attenuation
- Automatic frequency control (AFC)
- Automatic gain control (AGC)
- Automatic Identification System (AIS)
- AVR / ATmega
- AX.25
- Banana Pi
- Bandwidth
- Bare-metal programming
- Bare-metal server
- Baseband
- Battery technology
- BCH code
- BeagleBone
- Behavioral patterns
- Bias tee
- BIOS & UEFI
- Bits & bytes
- Blade server
- Block cipher
- Bluetooth
- Bootloader
- BPTC
- Broadcom
- Brute-force attack (exhaustive key search)
- Build systems
- Build vs buy a PC
- Bytecode
- C
- C#
- C++
- C4FM
- Cache memory
- Capacity Plus
- Carrier wave
- Cellular modem
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Channel grant
- Channelizer
- Chipset
- Chosen-plaintext attack
- Chromebook
- CI/CD
- CIC filter
- Cipher
- Ciphertext-only attack
- Claude Shannon
- Clean code
- Clock recovery
- Clock speed
- Cloud computing
- CMA equalizer
- Coaxial cable
- COBOL
- Code coverage
- Codec 2
- Colocation
- Compact position reporting (CPR)
- Compiler
- Compute Module
- Computer case
- Computer hardware
- Computer monitor
- Concurrency vs parallelism
- Constellation diagram
- Constraint propagation
- Container
- Content delivery network (CDN)
- Control channel
- Conventional radio
- Convolutional code
- Cooling & thermals
- Costas loop
- Coupling & cohesion
- CQPSK
- Creational patterns
- Cross-compilation
- Cryptanalysis
- Cryptographic hash function
- Cryptographic key
- Cryptography
- CSBK
- CUDA
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
- D-STAR
- Data center
- dBFS
- dBm
- DC offset (DC spike)
- Decibel (dB)
- Decimation
- Declarative programming
- Dedicated server
- Demodulation
- Design patterns
- Desktop computer
- Dibit
- Differential cryptanalysis
- Digital down-converter (DDC)
- Digital filter
- Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)
- Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
- Digital Voice Systems (DVSI)
- Digital-to-analog converter (DAC)
- Dipole antenna
- DMR Tier I
- DMR Tier II
- DMR Tier III
- Docker
- dPMR
- DRY
- DTMF
- E-reader
- Eben Upton
- EDACS
- Edge AI
- Edge computing
- Edwin Armstrong
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Embedded system
- eMMC
- Encryption
- End-to-end testing
- Error handling
- eSIM
- ESP32
- Espressif Systems
- Ethernet
- ETSI
- EUROCAE
- Eye diagram
- Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
- FDMA
- Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- Federico Faggin
- Feistel network
- FFSK
- Fiber-optic
- Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
- File system
- FIR filter
- Firmware
- Flash memory
- FLEX
- Floyd M. Gardner
- Foldable phone
- FORTRAN
- Forward error correction (FEC)
- Fourier transform
- Frequency
- Frequency analysis
- Frequency bands (HF/VHF/UHF)
- Frequency modulation (FM)
- Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
- Functional programming
- Gaming PC
- Garbage collection
- Gardner timing recovery
- Gateway
- GFSK
- GMSK
- Go
- Golay code
- Google Coral
- Gordon Moore
- Goroutines
- GPGPU
- GPIO
- GPS receiver
- Graphics processing unit (GPU)
- Guglielmo Marconi
- HackRF One
- Hamming code
- Hard disk drive (HDD)
- Hardware acceleration
- Harry Nyquist
- HAT add-on board
- Heinrich Hertz
- High availability
- Home automation
- Home server & self-hosting
- Hypervisor
- ICAO
- IEEE
- IIR filter
- IMBE
- Imperative programming
- In-system programming
- Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
- Input/output (I/O)
- Instruction set architecture (ISA)
- Integrated circuit
- Integration testing
- Intel
- Interleaving
- Intermediate frequency (IF)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- Interpreter
- Interrupt
- Ionospheric propagation
- iOS
- IP address
- IQ data
- I²C
- Jack Kilby
- James Clerk Maxwell
- Java
- JavaScript
- JEDEC
- Jensen Huang
- JIT vs AOT compilation
- John P. Costas
- John von Neumann
- Joseph Fourier
- Julia
- Kerckhoffs's principle
- Keyboard
- Keystream
- Known-plaintext attack
- Kotlin
- Kubernetes
- LAN & WAN
- Laptop
- Libre Computer
- Linear-feedback shift register (LFSR)
- Linus Torvalds
- LISP
- Load balancer
- Local oscillator
- Logic gate
- LoRa
- Low-noise amplifier (LNA)
- LTR (Logic Trunked Radio)
- M17
- M17 Project
- Magnetic tape
- Managed hosting
- Massimo Banzi
- Matched filter
- MATLAB
- MDC-1200
- Memory hierarchy
- Memory management
- Microcontroller (MCU)
- Mini PC
- Mobile app development
- Mobile operating system
- Mocking
- Mode S
- Modem
- Modulation
- Moore's law
- Motherboard
- Motherboard form factor
- Motorola Type II
- Mouse
- MPT 1327
- Mueller–Müller timing recovery
- Multi-band excitation (MBE)
- Multipath propagation
- Near-field communication (NFC)
- Network interface card (NIC)
- Network switch
- Network-attached storage (NAS)
- Neural processing unit (NPU)
- Noise floor
- NRZI
- Numerically controlled oscillator (NCO)
- NVIDIA
- NVIDIA Jetson
- NVMe
- NXDN
- Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
- Obfuscation
- Object-oriented programming
- ODROID
- Ofcom
- One-time pad (OTP)
- Operating system
- Optical disc
- Orange Pi
- P25 Phase 1
- P25 Phase 2
- Package manager & dependency management
- Path loss
- PCI Express (PCIe)
- Peripheral
- Personal computer
- Phase
- Phase-shift keying (PSK)
- PHP
- PIC microcontroller
- Platform as a service (PaaS)
- POCSAG
- Polarization
- Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- Power supply unit (PSU)
- PPM frequency correction
- Printer
- Project 25 (P25)
- ProVoice
- Public-key cryptography
- Pulse shaping
- Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
- Python
- Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
- Qualcomm
- R
- R820T / R820T2 tuner
- Rack server
- Radio horizon
- Radio ID
- Radio propagation
- Radio wave
- RadioReference
- RAID
- Random-access memory (RAM)
- Raspberry Pi
- Raspberry Pi Foundation
- Raspberry Pi Pico
- RC4 (ARC4) cipher
- Read-only memory (ROM)
- Real-time operating system (RTOS)
- Reed–Solomon code
- Refactoring
- Reginald Fessenden
- Resampler
- REST
- Rest channel
- Reverse proxy
- Richard Hamming
- RISC-V
- Robert Noyce
- Rock Pi (Radxa)
- Root-raised-cosine filter
- Router
- RP2040
- RTCA
- RTL-SDR
- RTL2832U
- rtl_tcp
- Ruby
- Rust
- S-box (substitution box)
- Sample rate
- SAT/SMT solving
- SAW filter
- SBC cluster
- Scalability
- Scrambling (whitening)
- SD card
- Semantic versioning
- Semiconductor
- Sensor
- Server
- Serverless computing
- Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
- Single sideband (SSB)
- Single-board computer (SBC)
- Smartphone
- Smartwatch
- SoapySDR
- SoC vs discrete
- Software as a service (SaaS)
- Software-defined radio (SDR)
- SOLID
- Solid-state drive (SSD)
- Sophie Wilson
- SPI
- Standing wave ratio (SWR)
- Static binary
- Static vs dynamic typing
- Steve Wozniak
- STM32
- Storage (SSD
- Stream cipher
- Structural patterns
- Substitution-permutation network (SPN)
- Superheterodyne receiver
- Swift
- Symbol rate (baud)
- Symmetric-key cryptography
- System bus
- System Fusion (YSF)
- System on a chip (SoC)
- Tablet
- Talkgroup
- TDMA
- Teensy
- Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
- Tensor processing unit (TPU)
- Test-driven development (TDD)
- TETRA
- The hardware spectrum
- Thin client
- Threads
- Thunderbolt
- Touchscreen
- Transistor
- Trellis-coded modulation
- Trunked radio
- TSBK
- TSMC
- Type system
- TypeScript
- UART
- Unit testing
- Upconverter
- USB
- Vector processor
- Version control
- Virtual private server (VPS)
- Virtualization
- Viterbi algorithm
- Vocoder
- Voice channel
- Volatile vs non-volatile memory
- Von Neumann architecture
- Watchdog timer
- Wavelength
- Wearable computer
- Web & shared hosting
- Webcam
- Wi-Fi
- Wireless access point
- Workstation
- x86
- Zadig
- π/4-DQPSK